Treaties

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Treaty of Traverse des Sioux
Articles of a treaty made and concluded at Traverse des Sioux, upon the Minnesota River, in the Territory of Minnesota, on the twenty-third day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, between the United States of America, by Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Alexander Ramsey governor and exofficio superintendent of Indian affairs in said Territory, commissioners duly appointed for that purpose, and See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians.ARTICLE 1. It is stipulated and solemnly agreed that the peace and friendship now so happily existing between the United States and the aforesaid bands of Indians, shall be perpetual.ARTICLE 2. The said See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians, agree to cede, and do hereby cede, sell, and relinquish to the United States, all of their lands in the State of Iowa; and, also all their lands in the Territory of Minnesota, lying cast of the following line, to wit: Beginning at the junction of the Buffalo River with the Red River of the North; thence along the western bank of said Red River of the North, to the mouth of the Sioux Wood River; thence along the western bank of said Sioux Wood River to Lake Traverse; thence, along the western shore of said lake, to the southern extremity thereof; thence in a direct line, to the junction of Kampeska Lake with the Tchan-kas-an-data, or Sioux River; thence along the western bank of said river to its point of intersection with the northern line of the State of Iowa; including all the islands in said rivers and lake.ARTICLE 3. [Stricken out.]ARTICLE 4. In further and full consideration of said cession, the United States agree to pay to said Indians the sum of one million six hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars ($1,665,000) at the several times, in the manner and for the purposes following, to wit: 1st. To the chiefs of the said bands, to enable them to settle their affairs and comply with their present just engagement; and in consideration of their removing themselves to the country set apart for them as above, which they agree to do within two years, or sooner, if required by the President, without further cost or expense to the United States, and in consideration of their subsisting themselves the first year after their removal, which they agree to do without further cost or expense on the part of the United States, the sum of two hundred and

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seventy-five thousand dollars, ($275,000): Provided, That said sum shall be paid to the chiefs in such manner as they, hereafter, in open council shall request, and as soon after the removal of said Indians to the home set apart for them, as the necessary appropriation therefor shall be made by Congress.
2d. To be laid out under the direction of the President for the establishment of manual-labor schools; the erection of mills and blacksmith shops, opening farms, fencing and breaking land, and for such other beneficial objects as may be deemed most conducive to the prosperity and happiness of said Indians, thirty thousand dollars, ($30,000).
The balance of said sum of one million six hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars, ($1,665,000,) to wit: one million three hundred and sixty thousand dollars ($1,360,000) to remain in trust with the United States, and five per cent. interest thereon to be paid, annually, to said Indians for the period of fifty years, commencing the first day of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-two (1852), which shall be in full payment of said balance, principal and interest, the said payment to be applied under the direction of the President, as follows, to wit:

3d. For a general agricultural improvement and civilization fund, the sum of twelve thousand dollars, ($12,000.)
4th. For educational purposes, the sum of six thousand dollars, ($6,000.)
5th. For the purchase of goods and provisions, the sum of ten thousand dollars, ($10,000).
6th. For money annuity, the sum of forty thousand dollars, ($40,000)

ARTICLE 5. The laws of the United States prohibiting the introduction and sale of spirituous liquors in the Indian country shall be in full force and effect throughout the territory hereby ceded and lying in Minnesota until otherwise directed by Congress or the President of the United States.

ARTICLE 6. Rules and regulations to protect the rights of persons and property among the Indians, parties to this treaty, and adapted to their condition and wants, may be prescribed and enforced in such manner as the President or the Congress of the United States, from time to time shall direct.

In testimony whereof, the said Commissioners, Luke Lea and Alexander Ramsey, and the undersigned Chiefs and Headmen of the aforesaid See-see-toan and Wah-pay-toan bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians, have hereunto subscribed their names and affixed their seals, in duplicate,

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at Traverse des Sioux, Territory of Minnesota, this twenty-third day of July, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.

[Signatures omitted.]

SUPPLEMENTAL ARTICLE.
1st. The United States do hereby stipulate to pay the Sioux bands of Indians, parties of this treaty, at the rate of ten cents per acre, for the lands included in the reservation provided for in the third article of the treaty as originally agreed upon in the following words:

"ARTICLE 3. In part consideration of the foregoing cession, the United States do hereby set apart for the future occupancy and home of the Dakota Indians, parties of this treaty, to be held by them as Indian lands are held, all that tract of country on either side of the Minnesota River, from the western boundary of the lands herein ceded, east, to the Tchay-tam-bay River on the north, and to Yellow Medicine River on the south side, to extend on each side, a distance of not less than ten miles from the general course of said river; the boundaries of said tract to be marked out by as straight lines as practicable, whenever deemed expedient by the President, and in such manner as he shall direct:" which article has been stricken out of the treaty by the Senate, the said payment to be in lieu of said reservation: the amount when ascertained under instructions from the Department of the Interior, to be added to the trust-fund provided for in the fourth article.

2d. It is further stipulated, that the President be authorized, with the assent of the said band of Indians, parties to this treaty, and as soon after they shall have given their assent to the foregoing article, as may be convenient, to cause to be set apart by appropriate landmarks and boundaries, such tracts of country without the limits of the cession made by the first [2d] article of the treaty as may be satisfactory for their future occupancy and home: Provided, That the President may, by the consent of these Indians, vary the conditions aforesaid if deemed expedient.

From Charles J. Kappler, comp. and ed., Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, II ( Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), 588-590.

The treaty of Mendota, signed August 5, 1851, is essentially the same as that of Traverse des Sioux, except for descriptions of lands ceded and lands held as a reservation, and amounts paid by the United States.

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The following additional paragraph is included: "The entire annuity, provided for in the first section of the second article of the treaty of September twenty-ninth, eighteen hundred and thirty-seven, (1837), including an unexpended balance that may be in the Treasury on the first of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-two, (1852), shall thereafter be paid in money." See Kappler, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, II 591-593.

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Treaty of 1867
WHEREAS it is understood that a portion of the Sissiton and Warpeton bands of Santee Sioux Indians, numbering from twelve hundred to fifteen hundred persons, not only preserved their obligations to the Government of the United States, during and since the outbreak of the Medewakantons and other bands of Sioux in 1862, but freely perilled their lives during that outbreak to rescue the residents on the Sioux reservation, and to obtain possession of white women and children made captives by the hostile bands; and that another portion of said Sissiton and Warpeton bands, numbering from one thousand to twelve hundred persons, who did not participate in the massacre of the whites in 1862, fearing the indiscriminate vengeance of the whites, fled to the great prairies of the Northwest, where they still remain; and

WHEREAS Congress, in confiscating the Sioux annuities and reservations, made no provision for the support of these, the friendly portion of the Sissiton and Warpeton bands, and it is believed they have been suffered to remain homeless wanderers, frequently subject to intense sufferings from want of subsistence and clothing to protect them from the rigors of a high northern latitude, although at all times prompt in rendering service when called upon to repel hostile raids and to punish depredations committed by hostile Indians upon the persons and property of the whites; and

WHEREAS the several subdivisions of the friendly Sissitons and Warpetons bands ask, through their representatives, that their adherence to their former obligations of friendship to the Government and people of the United States be recognized, and that provision be made to enable them to return to an agricultural life and be relieved from a dependence upon the chase for a precarious subsistence: THEREFORE,

A treaty has been made and entered into, at Washington City, District of Columbia, this nineteenth day of February, A.D. 1867, by and between Lewis V. Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and William H. Watson, commissioners, on the part of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs and head-men of the Sissiton and Warpeton bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians, as follows, to wit:

ARTICLE 1. The Sissiton and Warpeton bands of Dakota Sioux Indians, represented in council, will continue their friendly relations with the Government and people of the United States, and bind themselves individually and collectively to use their influence to the extent of their

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ability to prevent other bands of Dakota or other adjacent tribes from making hostile demonstrations against the Government or people of the United States.

ARTICLE 2. The said bands hereby cede to the United States the right to construct wagon-roads, railroads, mail stations, telegraph lines, and such other public improvements as the interest of the Government may require, over and across the lands claimed by said bands, (including their reservation as hereinafter designated) over any route or routes that that may be selected by the authority of the Government, said lands so claimed being bounded on the south and east by the treaty-line of 1851, and the Red River of the North to the mouth of Goose River; on the north by the Goose River and a line running from the source thereof by the most westerly point of Devil's Lake to the Chief's Bluff at the head of James River, and on the west by the James River to the mouth of Mocasin River, and thence to Kampeska Lake.

ARTICLE 3. For and in consideration of the cession above mentioned, and in consideration of the faithful and important services said to have been rendered by the friendly bands of Sissitons and Warpeton Sioux here represented, and also in consideration of the confiscation of all their annuities, reservations, and improvements, it is agreed that there shall be set apart for the members of said bands who have heretofore surrendered to the authorities of the Government, and were not sent to the Crow Creek reservation, and for the members of said bands who were released from prison in 1866, the following-described lands as a permanent reservation, viz:

Beginning at the head of Lake Travers[e], and thence along the treaty-line of the treaty of 1851 to Kampeska Lake; thence in a direct line to Reipan or the northeast point of the Coteau des Prairie, and thence passing north of Skunk Lake, on the most direct line to the foot of Lake Traverse, and thence along the treaty-line of 1851 to the place of beginning.

ARTICLE 4. It is further agreed that a reservation be set apart for all other members of said bands who were not sent to the Crow Creek reservation, and also for the Cut-Head bands of Yanktonais Sioux, a reservation bounded as follows, viz:

Beginning at the most easterly point of Devil's Lake; thence along the waters of said lake to the most westerly point of the same; thence on a direct line to the nearest point in the Cheyenne River; thence down said river to a point opposite the lower end of Aspen Island, and thence on a direct line to the place of beginning.

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ARTICLE 5. The said reservations shall be apportioned in tracts of (160) one hundred and sixty acres to each head of a family or single person over the age of (21) twenty-one years, belonging to said bands and entitled to locate thereon, who may desire to locate permanently and cultivate the soil as a means of subsistence: each (160) one hundred and sixty acres so allotted to be made to conform to the legal subdivisions of the Government surveys when such surveys shall have been made; and every person to whom lands may be allotted under the provisions of this article, who shall occupy and cultivate a portion thereof for five consecutive years shall thereafter be entitled to receive a patent for the same so soon as he shall have fifty acres of said tract fenced, ploughed, and in crop: Provided, said patent shall not authorize any transfer of said lands, or portions thereof, except to the United States, but said lands and the improvements thereon shall descend to the proper heirs of the persons obtaining a patent.

ARTICLE 6. And, further, in consideration of the destitution of said bands of Sissiton and Warpeton Sioux, parties hereto, resulting from the confiscation of their annuities and improvements, it is agreed that Congress will, in its own discretion, from time to time make such appropriations as may be deemed requisite to enable said Indians to return to an agricultural life under the system in operation on the Sioux reservation in 1862; including, if thought advisable, the establishment and support of local and manual-labor schools; the employment of agricultural, mechanical, and other teachers; the opening and improvement of individual farms; and generally such objects as Congress in its wisdom shall deem necessary to promote the agricultural improvement and civilization of said bands.

ARTICLE 7. An agent shall be appointed for said bands, who shall be located at Lake Traverse; and whenever there shall be five hundred (500) persons of said bands permanently located upon the Devil's Lake reservation there shall be an agent or other competent person appointed to superintend at that place the agricultural, educational, and mechanical interests of said bands.

ARTICLE 8. All expenditures under the provisions of this treaty shall be made for the agricultural improvement and civilization of the members of said bands authorized to locate upon the respective reservations, as hereinbefore specified, in such manner as may be directed by law; but no goods, provisions, groceries, or other articles--except materials for the erection of houses and articles to facilitate the operations of agriculture--shall be issued to Indians or mixed-bloods on either reservation unless it be in payment for labor performed or for produce de-

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livered: Provided, That when persons located on either reservation, by reason of age, sickness, or deformity, are unable to labor, the agent may issue clothing and subsistence to such persons from such supplies as may be provided for said bands.

ARTICLE 9. The withdrawal of the Indians from all dependence upon the chase as a means of subsistence being necessary to the adoption of civilized habits among them, it is desirable that no encouragement be afforded them to continue their hunting operations as a means of support, and, therefore, it is agreed that no person will be authorized to trade for furs or peltries within the limits of the land claimed by said bands, as specified in the second article of this treaty, it being contemplated that the Indians will rely solely upon agricultural and mechanical labor for subsistence, and that the agent will supply the Indians and mixed-bloods on the respective reservations with clothing, provisions, &c., as set forth in article eight, so soon as the same shall be provided for that purpose. And it is further agreed that no person not a member of said bands, parties hereto whether white, mixed-blood, or Indian, except persons in the employ of the Government or located under its authority, shall be permitted to locate upon said lands, either for hunting, trapping, or agricultural purposes.

ARTICLE 10. The chiefs and head-men located upon either of the reservations set apart for said bands are authorized to adopt such rules, regulations, or laws for the security of life and property, the advancement of civilization, and the agricultural prosperity of the members of said bands upon the respective reservations, and shall have authority, under the direction of the agent, and without expense to the Government, to organize a force sufficient to carry out all such rules, regulations, or laws, and all rules and regulations for the government of said Indians, as may be prescribed by the Interior Department: Provided, That all rules, regulations, or laws adopted or amended by the chiefs and head-men on either reservation shall receive the sanction of the agent.

In testimony whereof, we, the commissioners representing the United States, and the delegates representing the Sissiton and Warpeton bands of Sioux Indians, have hereunto set our hands and seals, at the place and on the day and year above written.

[Signatures omitted.]

From Charles J. Kappler, comp. and ed., Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, II ( Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), 956-959.

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Letter from Bishop Whipple to President Lincoln

March 6, 1862

TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
The sad condition of the Indians of this State, who are my heathen wards, compels me to address you on their behalf. I ask only justice for a wronged and neglected race. I write the more cheerfully because I believe that the intentions of the Government have always been kind; but they have been thwarted by dishonest servants, ill-conceived plans, and defective instructions.

Before their treaty with the United States, the Indians of Minnesota were as favorably situated as an uncivilized race could well be. Their lakes, forests, and prairies furnished abundant game, and their hunts supplied them with valuable furs for the purchase of all articles of traffic. The great argument to secure the sale of their lands is the promise of their civilization. . . . The sale is made, and after the dishonesty which accompanies it there is usually enough money left, if honestly expended, to foster the Indians' desires for civilization. Remember, the parties to this contract are a great Christian Nation and a poor heathen people.

From the day of the treaty a rapid deterioration takes place. The Indian has sold the hunting-grounds necessary for his comfort as a wild man; his tribal relations are weakened; his chief's power and influence circumscribed; and he will soon be left a helpless man without a government, a protector, or a friend, unless the solemn treaty is observed.

The Indian agents who are placed in trust of the honor and faith of the Government are generally selected without any reference to their fitness for the place. The Congressional delegation desires to award John Doe for party work, and John Doe desires the place because there is a tradition on the border than an Indian Agent with fifteen hundred dollars a year can retire upon an ample fortune in four years.

The Indian agent appoints his subordinates from the same motive, either to reward his friends' service, or to fulfill the bidding of his Congressional patron. They are often men without any fitness, sometimes a disgrace to a Christian nation; whiskey-sellers, bar-room loungers, debauchers, selected to guide a heathen people. Then follow all the evils of bad example, of inefficiency, and of dishonesty--the school a sham, the supplies wasted, the improvement fund squandered by negligence or curtailed by fraudulent contracts. The Indian, bewildered, con-

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scious of wrong, but helpless, has no refuge but to sink into a depth of brutishness. There have been noble instances of men who have tried to do their duty; but they have generally been powerless for lack of hearty cooperation of others, or because no man could withstand the corruption which has pervaded every department of Indian affairs.

The United States has virtually left the Indian without protection. . . . I can count up more than a dozen murders which have taken place in the Chippewa Count[r]y within two years. . . . There is no law to protect the innocent or punish the guilty. The sale of whiskey, the open licentiousness, the neglect and want are fast dooming this people to death, and as sure as there is a God much of the guilt lies at the Nation's door.

The first question is, can these red men become civilized? I say, unhesitatingly, yes. The Indian is almost the only heathen man on earth who is not an idolater. In his wild state he is braver, more honest, and virtuous than most heathen races. He has warm home affections and strong love of kindred and country. The Government of England has, among Indians speaking the same language with our own, some marked instances of their capability of civilization. In Canada you will find there are hundreds of civilized and Christian Indians, while on this side of the line there is only degradation.

The first thing needed is honesty. There has been a marked deterioration in Indian affairs since the office has become one of mere political favoritism. Instructions are not worth the price of the ink with which they are written if they are to be carried out by corrupt agents. Every employee ought to be a man of purity, temperance, industry, and unquestioned integrity. Those selected to teach in any department must be men of peculiar fitness,--patient, with quick perceptions, enlarged ideas, and men who love their work. They must be something better than so many drudges fed at the public crib.

The second step is to frame instructions so that the Indian shall be the ward of the Government. They cannot live without law. We have broken up, in part, their tribal relations, and they must have something in their place.

Whenever the Indian desires to abandon his wild life, the Government ought to aid him in building a house, in opening his farm, in providing utensils and implements of labor. His home should be conveyed to him by a patent, and be inalienable. It is a bitter cause of complaint that the Government has not fulfilled its pledges in this respect. It robs

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the Indian of manhood and leaves him subject to the tyranny of wild Indians, who destroy his crops, burn his fences, and appropriate the rewards of his labor.

The schools should be ample to receive all children who desire to attend. As it is, with six thousand dollars appropriated for the Lower Sioux for some seven years past, I doubt whether there is a child at the lower agency who can read who has not been taught by our missionary. Our Mission School has fifty children, and the entire cost of the mission, with three faithful teachers, every dollar of which passes through my own hands, is less than seven hundred dollars a year.

In all future treaties it ought to be the object of the Government to pay the Indians in kind, supplying their wants at such times as they may require help. This valuable reform would only be a curse in the hands of a dishonest agent. If wisely and justly expended, the Indian would not be as he now is,--often on the verge of starvation.

There ought to be a concentration of the scattered bands of Chippewas upon one reservation, thus securing a more careful oversight, and also preventing the sale of fire-water and the corrupt influence of bad men. The Indian agent ought to be authorized to act as a United States Commissioner, to try all violations of Indian laws. It may be beyond my province to offer these suggestions; I have made them because my heart aches for this poor wronged people. The heads of the Department are too busy to visit the Indian country, and even if they did it would be to find the house swept and garnished for an official visitor. It seems to me that the surest plan to remedy these wrongs and to prevent them for the future, would be to appoint a commission of some three persons to examine the whole subject and to report to the Department a plan which should remedy the evils which have so long been a reproach to our nation. If such were appointed, it ought to be composed of men of inflexible integrity, of large heart, of clear head, of strong will, who fear God and love man. I should like to see it composed of men so high in character that they are above the reach of the political demagogues.

I have written to you freely with all the frankness with which a Christian bishop has the right to write to the Chief Ruler of a great Christian Nation. My design has not been to complain of individuals, nor to make accusations. Bad as I believe some of the appointments to be, they are the fault of a political system. When I came to Minnesota I was startled at the degradation at my door. I gave these men missions;

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God has blessed me, and I would count every trial I have had as a way of roses if I could save this people.

May God guide you and give you grace to order all things, so that the Government shall deal righteously with the Indian nations in its charge.

Your servant for Christ's sake,
H. B. WHIPPLE,
Bishop of Minnesota.

From Henry B. Whipple, Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate ( New York: Macmillan Co., 1899), pp. 510-514.

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Bibliography
1. MANUSCRIPT MATERIAL
National Archives. All National Archives material cited in this book is from Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Until August, 1907, separate registers of "Letters Sent" and "Letters Received" were maintained. The Letters Sent, 1824-1881, have been reproduced as National Archives Microfilm Publication 21; Letters Received, 1824-1880, have been reproduced as Microfilm Publication 234. The following have been used: Letters Sent, 1847- 1870 (Rolls 40-95).
Letters Received: St. Peter's Agency, 1824-1870 (Rolls 757-766).
Santee Sioux Agency, 1871-1876 (Rolls 768-769).
Flandreau Special Agency, 1873-1876 (Roll 285).
Nebraska Agencies, 1876-1880 (Rolls 519-529).
Sisseton Agency, 1867-1880 (Rolls 824-831).
Devils Lake Agency, 1871-1880 (Rolls 281-284).
Fort Berthold Agency, 1867-1870 (Roll 292).
Winnebago Agency, 1864 (Roll 937).

Bureau of Indian Affairs records since 1881 have not been microfilmed. The following files were searched at the National Archives building: Santee Agency, 1881-1917.
Sisseton Agency, 1887-1891, 1907-1939.
Fort Totten Agency, 1907-1939.
Sioux in Minnesota, 1884-1906.
Pipestone School Agency, 1908-1939.
Yankton Agency, 1917-1933.
Winnebago Agency, 1933-1939.
Flandreau School Agency, 1901-1939.

Although Bureau of Indian Affairs records in the National Archives nominally end with 1939, the arrangement of the Central Classified Files is such that many files contain letters from the 1 940's. Most records later than 1939,

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however, are located at the Federal Records Center, Alexandria, Virginia, or at the Bureau of Indian Affairs Central Office in Washington. Selected items from the following jurisdictions have been used at these depositories or at the Minneapolis Area Office: Winnebago Agency
Sisseton Agency
Consolidated Turtle Mountain Agency
Flandreau School Agency
Pipestone School Agency
Minnesota Agency
Minneapolis Area Office
Aberdeen Area Office
Minnesota Historical Society. Relevant portions of the following manuscript collections have been searched: Pond Papers, 1833-1891.
Riggs Papers, 1843-1870.
Taliaferro Papers, 1813-1868.
Whipple Papers, 1833-1908.
Williamson Papers, 1834-1878.
The Minnesota Historical Society also has a typewritten copy of "History Prairie Island Sioux, Begun by Thomas Rouillard--Related by Eliza Wells and translated by Grandson Norman Richard Campbell," part of a family record kept in the Dakota language by a leading Prairie Island family.
Miscellaneous Manuscripts.
LEACH DUANE M. "The Santee Sioux, 1866-1890." Master's thesis, University of South Dakota, 1959.
Untitled manuscript by A. A. Johnson, on the Prairie Island Sioux, in the Goodhue County Historical Society, Red Wing, Minn.

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2. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Federal Government.
BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ( Prairie Island Community Council). "Background Data Relating to the Sioux Indians in the Southern Part of Minnesota," MS.
CARTER CLARENCE E., COMP. AND ED. The Territorial Papers of the United States. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1934-
COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. Annual Reports. 1849- 1907.
Congressional Globe. 1866.
Congressional Record. 1949- 1955.
Constitution and Bylaws for the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe, South Dakota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936.

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Constitution and Bylaws of the Lower Sioux Indian Community in Minnesota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936.
Constitution and Bylaws of the Prairie Island Indian Community in Minnesota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936.
Constitution and Bylaws of the Santee Sioux Tribe of the Sioux Nation in the State of Nebraska. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936.
Corporate Charter of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe, South Dakota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937.
Corporate Charter of the Lower Sioux Indian Community in Minnesota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937.
Corporate Charter of the Prairie Island Indian Community in Minnesota. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1938.
Corporate Charter of the Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. Reports, September 1960. United States Indian Population and Land: 1960.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, Public Health Service. Indians on Federal Reservations in the United States: A Digest. Part 3, 1959.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, Public Health Service, Division of Indian Health ( Bemidji, Minn., Office). "Basic Data: Prairie Island Sioux Community," MS.
HODGE FREDERICK W. Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins, No. 20. Washington, 1910.
KAPPLER CHARLES J., COMP. Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties. Vols. I and II. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904.
ROYCE CHARLES C. Indian Land Cessions in the United States. Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Reports, No. 18, Pt. 1. Washington, 1899.
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Annual Reports. 1911- 1938.
U. S. CENSUS. Population. 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960.
-----. Condition of the Indians, Minnesota. 1890.
U. S. Statutes at Large.
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 130 vols. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886- 1901.
25th Cong., 3rd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 103.
26th Cong., 1st Sess., S. Doc. 126.
27th Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Doc. 1.
28th Cong., 1st Sess., S. Doc. 1.
29th Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 4.
30th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Doc. 1.
30th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 8.

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30th Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1.
31st Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1.
31st Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1.
32nd Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1.
33rd Cong., 1st Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1.
33rd Cong., 1st Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 61.
34th Cong., 1st and 2nd Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 1.
35th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 2.
48th Cong., 1st Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 79.
50th Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 228.
50th Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Ex. Doc. 61.
53rd Cong., 3rd Sess., S. Ex. Doc. 79.
54th Cong., 2nd Sess., S. Rpt. 1362.
82nd Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Rpt. 2503.
83rd Cong., 2nd Sess., H. Rpt. 2680.

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State and County.
Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars 1861-1865. 2 vols. Comp., ed., and pub. under the supervision of the Board of Commissioners for the State. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Co., 1890 and 1893.
GOVERNOR'S INTERRACIAL COMMISSION OF MINNESOTA. The Indian in Minnesota. [ St. Paul?], 1947, 1952.
MINNESOTA Executive Documents. 1862- 1887. Report of the 1958 Minnesota Interim Committee on Indian Affairs, 1959.
DAKOTA COUNTY ( Minn.) Register of Deeds. Miscellaneous Records, Book "Q"; Abstract Book.
GOODHUE COUNTY ( Minn.) Board of Commissioners. "Proceedings," 1888, 1935.
LIST OF INDIANS AT PRAIRIE ISLAND, filed October 21, 1890, in Goodhue County Auditor's Office.
REDWOOD COUNTY ( Minn.) Register of Deeds. Deed Records 10 and 19. Some information was also provided orally by the Registers of Deeds and Welfare officers of Scott and Yellow Medicine counties, Minnesota, and Knox County, Nebraska.

Canadian.
DOMINION OF CANADA. Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1904. Traditional Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations of Canadian Indian Bands. Ottawa: Indian Affairs Branch, Department of Citizenship and Immigration, 1964.
3. NEWSPAPERS
Cannon Falls ( Minn.) Beacon.
Central Republican ( Faribault, Minn.).

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Faribault Democrat.
Faribault Republican.
Goodhue County Republican (Red Wing, Minn.).
Granite Falls Tribune.
Mankato (Minn.) Independent.
Mankato Weekly Record (published as Semi-Weekly Record July 1860-Nov. 1862).
Mankato Weekly Union.
Minnesota Pioneer ( St. Paul), 1849- 1855,
Minneapolis Sunday Tribune.
Moody County Enterprise (Flandreau, S. Dak.).
Morton (Minn.) Enterprise.
NCAI Sentinel.
New York Times.
Niobrara (Nebr.) Pioneer.
Niobrara Tribune.
Pioneer and Democrat ( St. Paul), 1855- 1862.
Red Wing Argus.
Red Wing Daily Republican.
Red Wing Daily Republican Eagle.
Red Wing Sentinel.
Redwood Falls Sun.
Redwood Reveille (Redwood Falls, Minn.).
St. Paul Daily Times.
St. Paul Pioneer, 1862-1875.
St. Paul Pioneer Press, 1875-
Scott County Argus (name changed to Shakopee Argus September 18, 1884).
Sisseton (S. Dak.) Courier.
Union and Dakotaian ( Yankton, S. Dak.).
Word Carrier (Santee, Nebr.).

4. BOOKS
ADAMS ARTHUR T., ED. The Explorations of Pierre Esprit Radisson. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1961.
AMERICAN INDIAN CHICAGO CONFERENCE. Declaration of Indian Purpose. Chicago: American Indian Chicago Conference, 1961.
ANDREAS A. T., ED. An Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Minnesota. Chicago: Lakeside Building, 1874.
ANDREWS ALICE E., ED. Recollections of Christopher C. Andrews: 1829-1922. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1928.
BARTON WINIFRED W. John P. Williamson, a Brother to the Sioux. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1919.
BELTRAMI J. C. [ GIACOMO CONSTANTINO]. A Pilgrimage in America. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1962.

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BISHOP HARRIET E. Floral Home; or First Years in Minnesota. New York: Sheldon, Blakeman, and Co., 1857.
BLAIR EMMA HELEN, ED. The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes. 2 vols. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1911.
BRYANT CHARLES S., AND ABEL B. MURCH. A History of the Great Massacre by the Sioux Indians in Minnesota. Cincinnati: Rickey and Carroll, 1864.
BUCK DANIEL. Indian Outbreaks. Mankato: Pioneer Press Co., 1904.
CARVER JONATHAN. Three Years Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America. Philadelphia: Key and Simpson, 1796.
CATLIN GEORGE. Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians. Philadelphia: J. W. Bradley, 1869.
CHARLEVOIX PIERRE F. X. History and General Description of New France. Trans. by John Gilmary Shea. 6 vols. New York: John Gilmary Shea, 1866- 1872.
COLLIER JOHN. From Every Zenith. Denver: Alan Swallow, 1963.
CONNOLLY ALONZO P. A Thrilling Narrative of the Minnesota Massacre and the Sioux War of 1862-63. Chicago: A. P. Connolly, 1896.
COUES ELLIOTT, ED. The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike. 2 vols. New York: Francis P. Harper, 1895.
CROSS MARION E., ED. Father Louis Hennepin's Description of Louisiana. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1938.
CURTISS-WEDGE FRANKLYN, ED. History of Rice and Steele Counties. 2 vols. Chicago: H. C. Cooper, Jr., and Co., 1910.
EASTMAN CHARLES A. From the Deep Woods to Civilization. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1926.
-----. Indian Boyhood. New York, McClure, 1902.
FEATHERSTONHAUGH GEORGE W. A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor. London: R. Bentley, 1847.
FEY HAROLD E., AND D'ARCY MCNICKLE. I ndians and Other Americans. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959.
FOLSOM W. H. C. Fifty Years in the Northwest. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Co., 1888.
FOLWELL WILLIAM W. A History of Minnesota. 2 vols. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. Vol. I, 1956; Vol. II, 1961.
FOREMAN GRANT. The Last Trek of the Indians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946.
FRIDLEY RUSSELL W., LEOTA M. KELLETT, AND JUNE D. HOLMQUIST, EDS. Charles E. Flandrau and the Defense of New Ulm. New Ulm, Minn.: Brown County Historical Society, 1962.
FRITZ HENRY E. The Movement for Indian Assimilation, 1860-1890. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963.
GRIDLEY MARION E., ED. Indians of Today. 3d ed. Chicago: The Council Fire, 1960.
HAGAN WILLIAM T. The Sac and Fox Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.

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[ HANthingy JOSEPH W.] Goodhue County, Minnesota, Past and Present. Red Wing: Red Wing Printing Co., 1893.
HANSEN MARCUS L. Old Fort Snelling, 1819-1858. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1958.
HARDING WALTER, ED. Thoreau's Minnesota Journey: Two Documents. Geneseo, N.Y.: Thoreau Society, 1962.
HASSRICK ROYAL B. The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.
HEARD ISAAC V. D. History of the Sioux War and Massacres of 1862 and 1863. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1863.
HENNEPIN LOUIS. A Description of Louisiana. Ed. by John Gilmary Shea. New York: John Gilmary Shea, 1880.
History of Goodhue County . . . . Red Wing: Wood, Alley and Co., 1878.
HUBBARD LUCIUS F., AND RETURN I. HOLCOMBE. Minnesota in Three Centuries. 4 vols. Mankato: Publishing Society of Minnesota, 1908.
HUGHES THOMAS. History of Blue Earth County. Chicago: Middle West Publishing Co., [ 1901].
-----. Indian Chiefs of Southern Minnesota. Mankato: Free Press Co., 1927.
-----. Old Traverse des Sioux. St. Peter, Minn.: Herald Publishing Co., 1929.
HYDE GEORGE E. Spotted Tail's Folk: A History of the Bruli Sioux. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
JAMES HARRY C. The Hopi Indians. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1956.
JONES ROBERT HUHN. The Civil War in the Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.
KEATING WILLIAM H. Narrative of an Expedition to the Sources of St. Peter's River . . . . Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1959.
KINZIE JULIETTE A. Wau-bun, the Early Day in the Northwest. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1873.
LAVIOLETTE GONTRAN O. M. I. The Sioux Indians in Canada. Regina: Marian Press, 1944.
LE WILLIAM G. DUC Minnesota Year Book for 1852. St. Paul: W. G. Le Duc, 1852.
LEWIS HENRY. Making a Motion Picture in 1848. Ed. by Bertha L. Heilbron. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1936.
MCCONKEY HARRIET E. BISHOP. Dakota War Whoop; or Indian Massacres and War in Minnesota, of 1862-'3. St. Paul: D. D. Merrill, 1863.
MCDERMOTT JOHN FRANCIS. Seth Eastman: Pictorial Historian of the Indian. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
MACGREGOR GORDON. Warriors Without Weapons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946.
MCKENNEY THOMAS L., AND JAMES HALL. The Indian Tribes of North America. Ed. by Frederick Webb Hodge. 3 vols. Edinburgh: J. Grant, 1933.

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MCLAUGHLIN JAMES. My Friend the Indian. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1910.
MCNICKLE D'ARCY. The Indian Tribes of the United States: Ethnic and Cultural Survival. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.
MANYPENNY GEORGE W. Our Indian Wards. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke and Co., 1880.
MAYER FRANK BLACKWELL. With Pen and Pencil on the Frontier in 1851. Ed. by Bertha L. Heilbron. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1932.
MERIAM LEWIS, et al. The Problem of Indian Administration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1928.
NEILL EDWARD D. History of Dakota County and the City of Hastings. Minneapolis: North Star Publishing Co., 1881.
-----. The History of Minnesota. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1858.
-----. History of the Minnesota Valley, Including the Explorers and Pioneers of Minnesota. Minneapolis: North Star Publishing Co., 1882.
-----. History of Rice County. Minneapolis: Minnesota Historical Co., 1882.
NUTE GRACE LEE. Caesars of the Wilderness. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1943.
OEHLER C. M. The Great Sioux Uprising. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.
OLSON JAMES C. History of Nebraska. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1955.
-----. Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965.
PEARCE ROY HARVEY. The Savages of America: A Study of the Indian and the Idea of Civilization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1953.
PETERSEN WILLIAM J. Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi. Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1937.
Plat Book of Scott County, Minnesota. [ Philadelphia]: North West Publishing Co., 1898.
POND SAMUEL W., JR. Two Volunteer Missionaries Among the Dakotas. Boston and Chicago: Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, 1893.
PRESCOTT PHILANDER. The Recollections of Philander Prescott: Frontiersman of the Old Northwest. Ed. by Donald Dean Parker. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966.
PRUCHA FRANCIS PAUL. American Indian Policy in the Formative Years. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
RADISSON PIERRE ESPRIT. Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson. Ed. by Gideon Scull . New York: Peter Smith, 1943.
RIGGS MARY BUEL. Early Days at Santee. Santee, Nebr.: Santee Normal Training School Press, 1928.

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RIGGS STEPHEN RETURN, ED. Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1852.
-----. Mary and I: Forty Years with the Sioux. Boston: Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, 1880.
-----. Tah-koo Wah-kan; or, the Gospel Among the Dakotas. Boston: Congregational Publishing Society, 1869.
ROBINSON DOANE. A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians. Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1956. Originally published in 1904 as Vol. II of South Dakota Historical Collections.
RODDIS LOUIS H. The Indian Wars of Minnesota. Cedar Rapids: Torch Press, 1956.
ROSE ARTHUR P. History of Jackson County, Minnesota. Jackson: Northern Publishing Co., 1910.
RUSK RALPH L., ED. The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson. 6 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939.
SCHELL HERBERT S. History of South Dakota. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961.
SCHOOLCRAFT HENRY ROWE. Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. 6 vols. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo and Co., 1852- 1857.
-----. Narrative Journal of Travels Through the Northwestern Regions of the United States . . . in the Year 1820. Ed. by Mentor L. Williams. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1953.
SHARP ABBIE GARDNER. History of the Spirit Lake Massacre. Des Moines: Mills and Co., 1885.
SMITH ALICE ELIZABETH. James Duane Doty: Frontier Promoter. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1954.
SNELLING WILLIAM J. Tales of the Northwest. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1936.
TANNER GEORGE C. Fifty Years of Church Work in the Diocese of Minnesota 1857-1907. St. Paul: Published by the Committee, 1909.
TEAKLE THOMAS. The Spirit Lake Massacre. Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1918.
THOMPSON LAURA. Culture in Crisis. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950.
THWAITES REUBEN GOLD, ED. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. 73 vols. New York: Pageant Book Co., 1959.
TURNER KATHARINE C. Red Men Calling on the Great White Father. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951.
UTLEY ROBERT M. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963.
WALL OSCAR GARRETT. Recollections of the Sioux Massacre. Lake City, Minn.: Published by the Author, 1909.
WALLIS WILSON D. The Canadian Dakota. Vol. XLI of Anthropological

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Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1947.
WELSH WILLIAM COMP. Taopi and His Friends, or the Indians' Wrongs and Rights. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen and Heffelfinger, 1869.
WEST NATHANIEL. The Ancestry, Life, and Times of Hon. Henry Hastings Sibley, LL.D. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Publishing Co., 1889.
WHIPPLE HENRY B. Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate. New York: Macmillan Co., 1899.
WINCHELL NEWTON H. The Aborigines of Minnesota. St. Paul: Pioneer Co., 1911.

5. PERIODICALS
ACKERMAN GERTRUDE W. "Joseph Renville of Lac qui Parle," Minnesota History, XII ( 1931), 231-246.
ADAMS MRS. ANN. "Early Days at Red River Settlement and Fort Snelling," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 75-115.
ADAMS MOSES N. "The Sioux Outbreak in the Year 1862, with Notes of Missionary Work Among the Sioux," Minnesota Historical Collections, IX ( 1898- 1900), 431-452.
ANDERSON THOMAS G. "Narrative of Capt. Thomas G. Anderson," Wisconsin Historical Collections, IX ( 1882), 137-206. Reprinted 1909 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
BABthingy WILLOUGHBY M., JR. "Major Lawrence Taliaferro, Indian Agent," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XI ( December 1924), 358-375.
BLAKELEY RUSSELL. "History of the Discovery of the Mississippi River and the Advent of Commerce in Minnesota," Minnesota Historical Collections, VIII ( 1895- 1898), 303-414.
BLEGEN THEODORE C. "The Pond Brothers," Minnesota History, XV ( 1934), 273-281.
-----, ed. "Two Missionaries in the Sioux Country," Minnesota History, XXI ( 1940), 15-32, 158-175, 272-283.
"The British Regime in Wisconsin--1760-1800," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XVIII ( 1908), 223-468.
BRYMNER DOUGLAS. "Capture of Fort McKay, Prairie du Chien, 1814," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XI ( 1888), 254-270.
BUELL SALMON A. "Judge Flandrau in the Defense of New Ulm During the Sioux Outbreak of 1862," Minnesota Historical Collections, X ( 1900- 1904), 783-818.
"The Bulger Papers," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XIII ( 1895), 10-153.
"Captivity Among the Sioux: The Story of Mary Schwandt," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 461-474.
"Captivity Among the Sioux: The Story of Nancy McClure," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 438-460.
CONNORS JOSEPH. "The Elusive Hero of Redwood Ferry," Minnesota History, XXXIV ( June 1955), 233-238.

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CRUIKSHANK ERNEST ALEXANDER. "Robert Dickson, the Indian Trader," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XII ( 1892), 133-153.
DANIELS ASA W. "Reminiscences of Little Crow," Minnesota Historical Collections, XII ( 1905- 1908), 513-530.
-----. "Reminiscences of the Little Crow Uprising," Minnesota Historical Collections, XV ( 1909- 1914), 323-336.
"Diary Kept by Lewis C. Paxson, Stockton, N.J.," North Dakota Historical Collections, II (190 8), Pt. 2, 102-163.
"Dickson and Grignon Papers--1812-1815," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XI ( 1888), 271-315.
DOZIER EDWARD P., GEORGE E. SIMPSON, AND J. MILTON YINGER. "The Integration of Americans of Indian Descent," American Academy of Political and Social Science Annals, CCCXI ( 1957), 158-165.
DURRIE DANIEL STEELE. "Jonathan Carver, and 'Carver's Grant,'" Wisconsin Historical Collections, VI ( 1872), 220-270. Reprinted 1908 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
FORSYTH THOMAS. "Journal of a Voyage from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819," Wisconsin Historical Collections, VI ( 1872), 188-219. Reprinted 1908 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
"The French Regime in Wisconsin 1634-1727," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XVI ( 1902), 1-477.
"The French Regime in Wisconsin, 1727-1748," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XVII ( 1906), 1-518.
"The French Regime in Wisconsin, 1743-1760," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XVIII ( 1908), 1-222.
GATES CHARLES M. "The Lac qui Parle Indian Mission," Minnesota History, XVI ( 1935), 133-151.
GLUEK ALVIN C., JR. "The Sioux Uprising: A Problem in International Relations," Minnesota History, XXXIV (Winter 1955), 317-324.
GRIGNON AUGUSTIN. "Seventy-two Years of Recollections of Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections, III ( 1857), 197-295. Reprinted 1904 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
HANthingy JOSEPH W. "Missionary Work at Red Wing, 1849 to 1852," Minnesota Historical Collections, X ( 1900- 1904), 165-178.
HOLCOMBE RETURN I., ED. "A Sioux Story of the War," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 382-400.
HOWARD JAMES H. " Pan-Indian Culture of Oklahoma," Scientific Monthly, LXXXI ( November 1953), 215-220.
HUGHES THOMAS. "Causes and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacre," Minnesota Historical Collections, XII ( 1905- 1908), 264-269.
HUMPHREY JOHN AMES. "Boyhood Reminiscences of Life Among the Dakotas and the Massacre in 1862," Minnesota Historical Collections, XV ( 1909- 1914), 337-348.
KANE LUCILE M. "The Sioux Treaties and the Traders," Minnesota History, XXXII ( June 1951), 65-80.

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KELLOGG LOUISE PHELPS. "Fort Beauharnois," Minnesota History, VIII ( September 1927), 232-246.
KELSEY CYNTHIA. "Changing Social Relationships in an Eastern Dakota Community," Minnesota Academy of Science Proceedings, XXIV ( 1956), 12-19.
KINGSBURY DAVID L. "Sully's Expedition Against the Sioux, in 1864," Minnesota Historical Collections, VIII ( 1895- 1898), 449-462.
LARPENTEUR AUGUST L. "Recollections of the City and People of St. Paul, 1843-1898," Minnesota Historical Collections, IX ( 1898- 1900), 363-394.
LASS WILLIAM E. "The 'Moscow Expedition,'" Minnesota History, XXXIX (Summer 1965), 227-240.
-----. "The Removal from Minnesota of the Sioux and Winnebago Indians," Minnesota History, XXXVIII ( December 1963), 353-364.
"Le Sueur, The Explorer of the Minnesota River," Minnesota Historical Collections, I ( 1850- 1856), 261-277.
"Lieut. James Gorrell's Journal," Wisconsin Historical Collections, I ( 1855), 24-48. Reprinted 1903 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
McNICKLE D'ARCY. "Rescuing Sisseton," The American Indian, III (Spring 1946), 21-27.
"Memoir of the Sioux," trans. by John H. Ames and ed. by Edward D. Neill , Macalester College Contributions, First Series, No. 10 ( 1890), 223-238.
"Memorial Notices of Rev. Gideon H. Pond," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 356-371.
MEYER Roy W. "The Establishment of the Santee Reservation, 18661869," Nebraska History, XLV ( March 1964), 59-97.
-----. "The Prairie Island Community: A Remnant of Minnesota Sioux," Minnesota History, XXXVII ( September 1961), 271-282.
"Narration of a Friendly Sioux, by Snana, the Rescuer of Mary Schwandt," Minnesota Historical Collections, IX ( 1898- 1900), 427-430.
"Narrative of Paul Mazakootemane," trans. by Rev. S. R. Riggs, Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 82-90.
NEILL EDWARD D. "Dakota Land and Dakota Life," Minnesota Historical Collections, I ( 1850- 1856), 205-240.
-----. "Relation of M. Penicaut," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 1-12.
"Papers from the Canadian Archives, 1778-1783," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XI ( 1888), 97-212.
"Papers from the Canadian Archives, 1767-1814," Wisconsin Historical Collections, XII ( 1892), 23-132.
PETERSEN WILLIAM J. "The 'Virginia,' the 'Clermont' of the Upper Mississippi," Minnesota History, IX ( December 1928), 347-362.
PFALLER LOUIS O. S. B. "The Forging of an Indian Agent," North Dakota History, XXXIV (Winter 1967), 62-76.
POND SAMUEL W. "The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834," Minnesota Historical Collections, XII ( 1905- 1908), 319-501.

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POND SAMUEL W., "Indian Warfare in Minnesota," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 129-138.
PRESCOTT PHILANDER. "Autobiography and Reminiscences of Philander Prescott," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 475-491.
PROVINSE JOHN, et al. "The American Indian in Transition," American Anthropologist, LVI ( June 1954), 387-394.
RELF FRANCES H., ED. "Removal of the Sioux Indians from Minnesota" [letter from John P. Williamson, May 13, 1863], Minnesota History Bulletin, II ( May 1918), 420-425.
RENVILLE GABRIEL. "A Sioux Narrative of the Outbreak of 1862 and of Sibley's Expedition in 1863," Minnesota Historical Collections, X ( 19001904), 595-618.
RIGGS STEPHEN RETURN. "The Dakota Mission," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 115-128.
-----. "Dakota Portraits," ed. by Willoughby M. Babthingy Jr., Minnesota History Bulletin, II ( November 1918), 481-568.
-----. "Protestant Missions in the Northwest," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 117-188.
SATTERLEE MARION P. "Narratives of the Sioux War," Minnesota Historical Collections, XV ( 1909- 1914), 349-370.
SIBLEY HENRY H. "Reminiscences, Historical and Personal," Minnesota Historical Collections, I ( 1850- 1856), 374-396.
-----. "Sketch of John Other Day," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 99-102.
"Sioux Outbreak of 1862: Mrs. J. E. De Camp's Narrative of her Captivity," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 354-380.
[ Snelling William Joseph?]. "Early Days at Prairie du Chien," Wisconsin Historical Collections, V ( 1868), 123-153. Reprinted 1907 by State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
[ Snelling William Joseph]. "Running the Gauntlet," Minnesota Historical Collections, I ( 1850- 1856), 360-373.
STERLING EVERETT W. "Moses N. Adams: A Missionary as Indian Agent," Minnesota History, XXXV ( December 1956), 167-177.
TALIAFERRO LAWRENCE. "Auto-Biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro," Minnesota Historical Collections, VI ( 1894), 189-255.
"Taoyateduta Is Not a Coward," Minnesota History, XXXVIII ( September 1962), 115.
THOMPSON HILDEGARD. "Education Among American Indians: Institutional Aspects," American Academy of Political and Social Science Annals, CCCXI ( May 1957), 95-104.
TRENNERY WALTER N. "The Shooting of Little Crow: Heroism or Murder?" Minnesota History, XXXVIII ( September 1962), 150-153.
"Up the Mississippi in a Six-Oared Skiff in 1817," Minnesota Historical Collections, II ( 1860- 1867), 9-88.

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VAN CHARLOTTE OUISCONSIN CLEVE. "A Reminiscence of Ft. Snelling," Minnesota Historical Collections, III ( 1870- 1880), 76-81.
WARREN WILLIAM W. "History of the Ojibway Nation," Minnesota Historical Collections, V ( 1885), 21-394.
WHITE MRS. N. D. "Captivity Among the Sioux, August 18 to September 26, 1862," Minnesota Historical Collections, IX ( 1898- 1900), 395-426.
WILFORD LLOYD A. "The Prehistoric Indians of Minnesota," Minnesota History, XXV ( June 1944), 153-157.
-----. "The Prehistoric Indians of Minnesota: The Mille Lacs Aspect," Minnesota History, XXV ( December 1944), 329-341.
WILLIAMS J. FLETCHER. "A History of the City of St. Paul and of the County of Ramsey, Minnesota," Minnesota Historical Collections, IV ( 1876), 3-475.
WILSON CHARLES C. "The Successive Chiefs Named Wabasha," Minnesota Historical Collections, XII ( 1905- 1908), 504-512.

Addendum to the Bibliography
3. NEWSPAPERS
The circle ( Minneapolis, Minn.)
Indian Country Today ( Rapid City, S. Dak.)
Minneapolis Tribune
Minneapolis Star and Tribune
Native American Times ( Bemidji, Minn.)
St. Paul Dispatch
St. Paul Press and Dispatch
Sota Iya Ye Yapi (Agency Village, S. Dak.)

4. BOOKS
ALLEN CLIFFORD, et al. History of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe. Flandreau, S. Dak.: Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe, 1971.
ANDERSON GARY CLAYTON. Kinsmen of Another Kind: Dakota-White Relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1650-1862. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
-----. Little Crow: Spokesman for the Sioux. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1986.
-----, and Alan R. Woolworth, eds. Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1988.
BLACKTHUNDER ELIJAH, et al. History of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe. Sisseton, S. Dak.: Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe, 1971.
BRAY EDMUND C., and MARTHA C. BRAY, eds. Joseph N. Nicollet on the Plains andPrairies: The Expeditions of 1838-39 with Journals, Letters and Notes on the Dakota Indians

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Prairies: The Expeditions of 1838-39 with Journals, Letters and Notes on the Dakota Indians St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1976.
DIEDRICH MARK. Dakota Oratory: Great Moments in the Recorded Speech of the Eastern Sioux, 1695-1874. Rochester, Minn.: Coyote Books, 1989.
-----. Famous Chiefs of the Eastern Sioux. Minneapolis: Coyote Books, 1987.
-----. The Odyssey of Chief Standing Buffalo and the Northern Sisseton Sioux. MInneapolis: Coyote Books, 1988.
ELIAS PETER DOUGLAS. The Dakota of the Canadian Northwest: Lessons for Survival. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1988.
FAY GEORGE E., ed. Treaties and Land Cessions between the Bands of the Sioux and the United States of America. Greeley, Colo.: University of Northern Colorado Museum of Anthropology, 1972.
HARKINS ARTHUR M. Public Education of the Prairie Island Sioux: An Interim Report. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969.
HICKERSON HAROLD. Sioux Indians. Vol. 1. Mdewakanton Band of Sioux Indians. New York: Garland Publishing Company, 1974.
HOWARD JAMES H. The Canadian Sioux. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
LANDES RUTH. The Mystic Lake Sioux: Sociology of the Mdewakantonwan Santee. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.
LAVIOLETTE GONTRAN O. M.I. The Dakota Sioux in Canada. Winnipeg: DLM Publications, 1991. (Revision of The Sioux Indians in Canada, 1944).
NURGE ETHEL, ed. The Modern Sioux: Social Systems and Reservation Culture. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970.
SCHULTZ DUANE. Over the Earth I Come: The Great Sioux Uprising of 1862. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
WILLAND JON. Lac qui Parle and the Dakota Mission. Madison, Minn.: Lac qui Parle County Historical Society, 1964.
WILSON RAYMOND. Ohiyesa: Charles Eastman, Santee Sioux. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983.
WOZNIAK JOHN S., F.S.C. Contact, Negotiations and Conflict: An Ethnohistory of the Eastern Dakota, 1819-1839. Washington: University Press of America, 1978.

[mdenney]

5. PERIODICALS
ANDERSON GARY CLAYTON. "Early Dakota Migration and Intertribal War: A Revision," Western Historical Quarterly, 11 ( January 1980): 17-36.
-----, "Myrick's Insult," Minnesota History, 48 (Spring 1983): 198-206.
-----. "The Removal of the Mdewakanton Dakota in 1837: A Case for Jacksonian Paternalism," South Dakota History, 10 (Fall 1980): 310-33.
BAUERLEIN MONIKA. "Nukes on the Reservation," Progressive, 55 ( November 1991): 14.
DENNY RUTH. "Indian Casinos Hit the Jackpot," Utne Reader, November-December 1992, pp. 35-37.

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ENGSTROM RICHARD L., and CHARLES J. BARRILLEAUX. "Native Americans and Cumulative Voting: The Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux," Social Science Quarterly, 72 ( June 1991): 388-93.
HENIG GERALD S. "A Neglected Cause of the Sioux Uprising," Minnesota History, 45 (Fall 1976): 107-10.
NEWCOMBE BARBARA T. "'A Portion of the American People': The Sioux Sign a Treaty in Washington in 1858," Minnesota History, 45 (Fall 1976): 83-96.
NICHOLS DAVID A. "The Other Civil War: Lincoln and the Indians," Minnesota History, 44 (Spring 1974): 2-15.
RUSSO PRISCILLA ANN. "The Time to Speak Is Over: The Onset of the Sioux Uprising, " Minnesota History, 45 (Fall 1976): 97-106.
WOOLWORTH ALAN R., and NANCY L. WOOLWORTH. "Eastern Dakota Settlement and Subsistence Patterns Prior to 1851," Minnesota Archaeologist, 39 ( May, 1980): 70-89.

-452-

[mdenney]

Index
Acton Township, Minn., 115, 122 ; massacre at 114 -15
Adams, Moses N., missionary at Traverse des Sioux, 91 ; agent at Sisseton, 204 -8, 211, 214, 218, 231 ; conflict with scout party, 204 -5; in charge of Flandreau colony, 247 -49; influence on Sissetons, 328
Adams, Shubael P., 264 -67
Afrahcootahs (Wahpekutes?), 16
Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), 312, 335
Aile Rouge, L'. See Red Wing
American Indian Movement (AIM), 400
Aiton, John F., 65
Aldrich, Cyrus, 140
Algonquins, 6, 16
Allen, S.E., 318
Allouez, Father Claude, 5
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, begin work with Sioux, 52, 65, 66 ; work with prisoners, 137 ; on Santee Reservation, 168, 175, 176, 178 -79; succeeded by American Missionary Association, 190 ; on Sisseton Reservation, 204, 207, 214 ; at Flandreau, 247
American Fur Company, 36, 42, 59, 68, 70 n.
American Indian Chicago Conference, 357
American Missionary Association, 190, 312
American Revolution, 15, 18, 24, 28, 72
Anawangmani, Simon, 131
Agency Bingo, 377
Agency Village, 377 -78
Apaches, 368 n.
Aquipaguetin, 7, 8
Arikaras, 232
Armstrong, Moses, K., 250
Arrow, 34
Arthur, Chester A., 181, 182, 234
Ascension mission, 203, 206, 207
Assiniboins, viii, 16
Atkins, John D. C., 188, 189, 237, 285

[mdenney]

Badlands, Battle of the, 136
Bailly, Alexis, 271 n.
Baird, Henry C., 185, 297
Baker, Fred A., 327, 328, 330
Balcombe, St. André Durand, 109, 149, 150, 151
Balmer, James W., 344 -49, 351
Barlow, Earl J., 388
Barton, Winifred W., 114 n.
Basic Bible Church of Amerika, 390
Bazile Creek, 158 -60, 164 -65, 176, 178, 184
Beccasse, Le (Le Boucasse), 26
Becker Dickinson (plant), 373
Beckwith, Paul, 231, 232, 233 n., 234
Bee, Bernard E., 98
Beeson, John, 144
Belknap, William W., 227
Bell, John, 73

-453-
Belland, Henry, Jr., 286
Bellecourt, Clyde, 394 -95
Bellecourt, Vernon, 394, 400
Beltrami, Giacomo Constantino, 44
Benedictine Order, 234
Bennett, Robert L., 296
Benton, Thomas Hart, 75
Beyer, W. R., 324
Big Coulee (district), 376
Big Coulee day school, 330
Big Eagle (Wamdetanka), 45, 51
Big Eagle, Jerome, on causes of Sioux Uprising, 115, 116, 117 n.; authority on Uprising, 119, 121, 126 n.; in prison, 138 n.; at Flandreau, 255 ; moves to Minnesota, 255, 287
Big Eagle Feather, 210
Big Mound, Battle of, 134
Big Sioux River, viii, 159, 165, 242, 244, 248, 252, 342
Big Stone take, 11 n., 27, 63, 111 n., 198, 210, 265, 268
Big Thunder, 51
Big Woods, 135
Birch Cooley post office, 274
Birch Coulee, 284, 291, 292, 343, 345 ; Battle of, 121, 274 ; colony established at, 274, 280, 281 ; Hinman settles at, 277 ; land bought at, 279, 282, 283 ; history of colony at, 287 -90; IRA accepted at, 297, 348, 349 ; day school at, 342, 344 ; government aid to, 347 ; renamed, 349 ; racial composition, 352 n.
Black Dog, 49
Black Dog's band. See Black Dog's village
Black Dog's village, 45, 55 n., 137 n.
Black Hawk, 51, 101 n.
Black Hawk War, 51
Black River, 40
Blaine, James G., 181
Blanket faction, 107
Blessed Redeemer, Church of the, 178
Bloomington, Minn., 270, 274, 281, 283, 286, 292
Blue Earth County, Minn., 262
Blue Earth River, vii, 10, 46, 74, 99
Bluestone, John, 268, 279
Boeuf que Marche, Le. See Tatankamani
Bogy, Lewis V., 199
Boucher, Pierre, 12, 13
Bourgne, the (One-Eyed Sioux), 33
Breckenridge, Nebr., 159 -60, 176
Brewer, James W., 308
British, the, 25, 29 -30, 33, 35
British-American relations, 38
British explorers, 15
British government, 361
British policy, 18, 28
British traders, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34
Brophy, Byron J., 339
Brophy, William A., 295
Brown, Joseph R., 202, 220 ; wounded by Indians, 59 ; Sioux agent, 102 -5, 107 -8, 111 ; in Sioux Uprising, 121, 130 ; commands scouts, 152 ; negotiates treaty of 1867, 199, 200 ; influence on Sissetons, 328
Brown, Orlando, 76, 76
Brown, Orville, 138 n.
Brown County, Minn., 120
Brown Earth Colony, 215, 242, 273, 278, 350
Browning, Orville, 221, 266
Browns Valley, Minn., 213, 219, 321
Bruce, Amos J., 62 -64, 66, 68 -69, 70 n., 74
Brulés, vii, 175
Brunswick Corporation, 380
Bryant, Charles A., 116, 130 n.
Buffalo Lake, 376
Burbank, John A., 244, 245, 246
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 382, 386, 390, 393, 402
Burke Act, 317, 318. See also Patents, issuance of
Burleigh, Walter A., 159, 198
Burnette, Robert, 367
Burnside Township, Minn., 385
Burton, Charles E., 297, 303, 305
Byrd, William, 366

[mdenney]

Calhoun, John C., 36
Campbell, A. J., 194
Campbell, Colin, 37
Campbell, John, 262
Campbell, Norman, 386, 403 n.
Campbell, Scott, 37, 59 n., 70 n., 262

-454-
Camp Lincoln, 129
Camp McClellan, 144, 153. See also Davenport, Iowa
Camp Release, 123, 136
Canada, 10
Canadian Sioux, 313 n.
Cannon Falls Beacon, 271 n.
Cannon River, vii, 25, 46
Canterbury Downs, 395
Caramonee, 40
Carlisle Indian school, 300
Carothers and Blake, 111 n.
Caner, Sibyl, 289
Carver, Jonathan, 15 - 17, 24, 28, 33, 34
Carver grant, 33
Cass, Lewis, 43, 54
Cass Lake, 11 n., 14
Catholic Board, 231
Catholic Church, 137, 228, 322 n., 326
Catholic missionaries, 129
Catlin, George, 71
Catlinite, 2, 16
Cavender, Gary (Rev.), 390, 395, 400
Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., 10
Chaska, Phillip, 276 -77
Chaskay, 130
Chequamegon Bay, 1
Cherokees, 190 n., 352 n., 362
Cheyenne River Agency, 178
Cheyennes, 16
Chianese, 16
Chicago, Minneapolis & St. Paul railway, 217 n.
Chickasaws, 19
Chingouabé, 10, 13
Chippewa County, Minn., 270
Chippewas, 10, 39, 40, 138, 142, 352 n., 367 ; give name to Sioux, 5 ; wars with Sioux, 13, 14, 24, 27, 29, 32 - 33, 35, 38, 41 - 44, 50, 56, 61, 62, 64, 69, 105 ; visited by Pike, 26 ; at Turtle Mountain, 235, 240
Choctaws, 19
Chongaskethons, 11. See also Sissetons
Chongousceton, 16. See also Sissetons
Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., and Company, 145
Christgau, Victor, 347
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 329, 331
Civil War, 96, 111, 144, 149, 154, 164, 177, 231
Clark, William, 33, 37, 38, 42, 52, 54, 56
Clements, Joseph, 185, 191
Cleveland, Grover, 192, 234, 277
Cloud Man, 49, 61, 63
Cloud Man's band, 64, 66. See also Lake Calhoun village
Coleman, Nick, 395, 398, 401
Collier, John, 295, 308, 310 -12, 328, 333, 348, 351, 365, 369
Columbia Fur Company, 42
Columbus, Thomas, 347
Congregational Church, 190
Cooley, Dennis N., 155, 156, 264, 265
Coteau des Prairies, 73, 141, 198, 209
Coursoll, Joseph, 260 n.
Court of Indian offenses, at Santee, 184 ; at Devils Lake, 236, 326
Cramsie, John, 231 n., 234 -36, 238
Crawford, Charles, 215
Crawford, T. Hartley, 62
Crazy Horse, vii
Crees, 3, 5
Crissey, Charles, 213
Crocker, George, 399
Crooks, Norman M., 387 -90, 393, 404 n.
Crow Creek, 143, 149, 152, 161, 198, 264 -65; reservation chosen at, 142 ; Santees removed to, 145, 146, 301 ; suffering at, 147, 148 n., 153, 174 ; placed under Dakota Superintendency. 151 ; Santees removed from, 155 -57, 196 ; missionaries at, 175
Cullen, William J., 100, 102 -3, 106 -9
Curtis, Samuel R., 155
Cuthead bands, 220, 223
Cut Nose, 132 n.

[mdenney]

Dakota Casino, 381
Dakota County, Minn., 135, 271
Dakota Friend, 96
Dakota language, ix; Carver learns, 16, 17 ; dictionary of, 53, 363 ; teaching in, 96, 177, 187 -89; psalms sung in, 266 ; liturgy in, 288 ; used at Sisseton, 322 ; used at Devils Lake, 326, 333
Dakota Mission, 96

-455-
Dakota Sioux Casino, 377
Dakotas (states), 355, 367, 368
Dakota Superintendency, 151
Dakota Territory, 123, 151, 156, 159, 160, 174, 182, 198, 207, 271
Dakota Tribal Industries, 380 -81
Dakota Western (factory), 377
Dakotah Bingo Parlor, 381
Daniel, R. E. L., 306 -7
Daniels, Jared W., 269 ; testimony on atrocities. 120 ; at Ford Wadsworth, 201 -4, 206, 211 ; appointed Sisseton agent, 202 ; at Devils Lake, 221 -22; disburses money, 266
Davenport, Iowa, 41, 144, 153, 156, 165, 196, 242. See also Camp McClellan
Davenport, 145
Dawes, Henry L., 328
Dawes Act. 180, 182, 215 -16, 237, 294
Dawson, Gary, 397
Dead Buffalo Lake, Battle of, 134
Declaration of Indian Purpose, 357
Delano, Columbus, 168, 227
Delawares, 362
Demi Douzen, Le. See Shakopee I
Denman, Hampton B., 159 -62
Denton, Samuel, 60, 65
Denver, James W., 100, 101
Department of Housing anti Urban Development (HUD), 374
De Peyster, Arent, 19
Depression, 295, 307, 312, 327, 339, 345, 348
Desert, 368 n., 371 n.
Des Moines River, vii, 27
Devils Lake, 133, 142, 199, 220, 221, 237
Devils Lake, N. Dak., 313
Devils Lake Indians, 222, 256, 346, 380 ; reject IRA, 329 ; less acculturated, 313. See also Devils Lake Reservation
Devils Lake Reservation, viii, 203 n., 207, 220 -41, 296 -97; established by treaty of 1867, 199, 220 ; twentieth century history of, 323 -27, 329 -31, 333 -37, 379 -82
Devil's Nest, 162, 374
D'Iberville, Sieur Pierre Le Moyne. See Iberville, Sieur Pierre Le Moyne d'
Dickey County, N. Dak., 134
Dickson, Robert, 28, 29 n., 33
Dodge, Henry, 56
Dole, William P., 113, 143, 150, 262
Dora, 157
Doty, James D., 67, 73, 74
Doty treaties. See Treaties
Drummond Island, 30
Duley, William, 129
Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon, Sieur, 6, 7, 9, 24