Native people information by name

[mdenney]

Apauly Tustennuggee
Creek

One large Creek delegation visited Washington in the winter of 1825-1826 and forced the United States to declare the infamous Indian Springs treaty "to be null and void to every intent and purpose whatever...." However, it proved to be a Pyrrhic victory; as with the Cherokee, the white man's treaty, obtained by trickery, had split the Creek and brought about the murder of their chief, McIntosh. In 1827, Colonel McKenney negotiated with the Creek for the sale of the remainder of their land in Georgia. The nation was then confined to their lands in Alabama. Still, there was no peace when that state demanded they be removed. Finally, the first families boarded the steamboats for the alien western lands, the promised land as the exuberant War Department called it.

McKenney's brief description of Apauly Tustennuggee was "a chief and a warrior...a firm, brave man-and of good sense."

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/apauly.htm

[mdenney]

Shaumonekusse,
or l'Ietan
Oto

L'Ietan, the Oto chief, bore the mark of Cain but his motive for killing his brother was revenge, not jealousy. Like Cain he could never escape the shadow of his crime.

Colonel McKenney heard the story from Indian Commissioner J. T. Irving who had visited the tribe. As he told the Indian superintendent he could not keep his eyes off the Oto's face during the council. The tip of the Indian's nose was missing.

L'Ietan and his brother had fought a savage fight oversome ponies. During the brawl the brother bit off the end of the chief's nose. Blood pouring down his face, L'Ietan covered his face with his blanket and hid in his lodge.

The following morning, only his eyes showing over the blanket, he sought out his brother and told him that he had disfigured him for life. "Tonight I will go to my lodge and sleep. If I can forgive you when the sun rises, you are safe; if not, you die."

The whole village waited intently for sunup. When it rose the Oto chief walked slowly out of his lodge.

"Tell my brother," he told a brave, "that I have made up my mind. He is to die. Tell him to meet me like a warrior and we will settle this."

But his brother fled. L'Ietan trailed him for months before he found him. Somewhere in the prairie brother faced brother. Then the hunted one dropped his blanket and calmly waited for death.

L'Ietan fired, killing his brother instantly. He then blackened his face and went into a long period of mourning. As McKenney wrote: "It was not until many years had elapsed that he recovered from the deep anguish caused by his unnatural act of vengeance."

His portrait was painted when he accompanied the large Pawnee delegation to Washington. His mutilation took place ten years later.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/lietan.htm

[mdenney]

Pocahontas
ca 1595-1617
Powhatan

Every American schoolboy recognizes the scene: Pocahontas, young and beautiful daughter of Powhatan, chief of the Virginia tribes, throws herself across the body of Captain John Smith and begs her father to spare the life of the man she loves. Powhatan, touched by his daughter's fervent pleas, waves off the executioner, and the handsome English explorer and the stunning young Indian girl live happily ever after...

It is one of America's most attractive legends but the truth will probably never known. There is no mention of the incident in Smith's memoirs published shortly after his historic voyage nor in the recollections of his comrades who usually gave him full credit for any of his exploits. The tale first appears in General Historie, first published in 1624, after Pocahontas has been greeted in England as the daughter of an emperor and the first Indian convert to Christianity. Some historians believe that the temptation to make her a romantic heroine in connection with Smith, always the hero of his own chronicles, was more than either Smith or his publishers could resist.

Pocahontas real name was Matoaka (Matowaka). The sole Algonkian root from which the name is derived is Metaw, "to play", or "to amuse oneself." Fondness for playthings or her lighthearted manner may have been the reason for her name. "Pokahantes" was the name Powhatan used for "my favorite daughter."

She was decoyed aboard an English ship in the Potomac and taken to Jamestown in 1612 where the English and Powhatan met to agree on her ransom. While among the whites she fell in love with John Rolfe, "an honest gentleman and of good behaviour." In April 1613, they were married. Pocahontas became a Christian and was given the name "Lady Rebecca." The marriage was a great advantage for the struggling colonists; Powhatan kept peace with them until his death.

In 1616, the copper-skinned Lady Rebecca, her husband, and several Indians sailed for England with sir Thomas Dale. The following year in March, while aboard a ship in Gravesend waiting to return to America, she died of smallpox. She was about twenty-two. A son, Thomas Rolfe, later returned to Virginia and became one of its first citizens. Many of the great families of Virginia trace their ancestry to the son of Pocahontas: the Bollings (Mrs. Edith Bolling Galt married Presiident Woodrow Wilson in 1915), the Guys, Robertsons, Elbridges, and the John Randolphs.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/pocahon.htm

[mdenney]

Watchemonne,
or The Orator
Iowa

He was more a man of peace than war, this Iowa boasted to Colonel McKenney.

His proudest moment, he told the Indian superintendent, was what his people called the "the beginning of his making presents."It took place when a Sauk and Fox war party killed two Iowa warriors. Both nations were prepared to declare war but the Orator insisted that the chiefs of both sides sit and smoke a pipe before the first shots were fired. Acting as an arbitrator he arranged for the Sauk and Fox to compensate the families of the dead men with blankets, horses, and a keg of whiskey. Peace was restored.

Some time later some young Iowa stole four horses from white settlers. For the Indians this was dangerous; the whites could use it as a provocation to start a war, or it could bring the dreaded Dragoons from Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis who would rather kill an Indian than talk to him.

Watchemonne called a council and the warriors were ordered to return the horses. The young warriors defied the chiefs and insisted they would fight if the white men attempted to recover their property.

Rather than risk a split within his nation, Watchemonne bought the horses and retuned them to their owners. McKenney wrote: "This act gained him great credit among the people of the border, who have ever since treated him with confidence and spoken in his praise."

When McKenney tried to trace the history of the Iowa through Watchemonne the chief told him that the memory of the oldest men went back to when "they crossed that lake"- Lake Pepin between Minnesota and Wisconsin.

His father, who had learned the story through eight preceding ancestors, insisted that they had lived on the shores of the lake until they were divided into the Winnebago, Omaha, Missouri, and Iowa tribes because "it was the will of the Great Spirit that they should not be stationary, but travel from place to place, cultivating different ground... they will only continue to have good crops and healthy children so long as they obey this law of their nature."

Watchemonne also revealed to McKenney that the heart of the nation was locked inside a sacred medicine bag stored inside a lodge, which had his flaps always fastened and which no woman was allowed to enter.

Ethnologists believe the traditional evidence that the so-called Chiwere tribes, Oto, Iowa, and Missouri, had departed from the Winnnebago and drifted westward to the Missouri river country.

At the time Watchemonne was in Washington the Iowa were still mourning the death of White Cloud, four years before. Watchemonne was overjoyed when McKenney gave him a lithograph of the favorite chief's portrait. The Indian superintendent boasted: "He declared [it] to be an excellent likeness."

When the portrait reached the Iowa village the people who had never seen an illustration or a painting were so stunned at the likeness of their chief that "they could not bear to look at it."

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/watch.htm

[mdenney]

Little Crow
Sioux

After the war of 1812 had ended, the British commander of Drummond's island in lake Erie on the northern peninsula of Michigan invited the Sioux to visit his post for a council.

When they arrived the commander thanked the Indians for fighting with the British against the United States. He pointed to some clothing and cheap trinkets piled on the floor and said these were gifts from the king.

Little Crow contemptuously kicked the pile and the trinkets scattered over the floor.

"Now after we have fought for you, endured many hardships, lost some of our people, and awakened the vengeance of a powerful nation, our neighbours, you make a peace for yourselves, and leave us to get such terms as we can," the Sioux chief told the garrison commander. "You no longer need our services, and offer us these goods as a compensation for having deserted us. But, no-we will not take them; we hold them and yourselves in equal contempt."

Then he walked out with great dignity, followed by his silent warriors.

Little Crow, or Chetañ wakan mañi (The Sacred Pigeon-hawk Which Comes Walking), was one of the hereditary chiefs of the Kaposia band who formed a dynasty among the Sioux. His grandson was the celebrated Little Crow who would lead the Indians during the Minnesota outbreak of 1862.

[...]

McKenney saw Little Crow as "cunning, artful, and treacherous," but Schoolcraft thought him magnanimous. In his memoirs the ethnologist tells the story of how the Sioux chief had discovered a Chippewa robbing his traps. In the deep woods the penalty for this crime was death, but Little Crow handed the thief his traps and rifle.

"I come to present you the trap, of which I see you stand in need," he said. "Take my gun also... and return to the land of your countrymen...linger not here, lest some of my young men should discover your footsteps."
Little Crow came to Washington in 1824 as head of the Sioux delegation.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/lcrow.htm

[mdenney]

Powasheek
Sauk and Fox

Keokuk, Wapella, and Powasheek composed the triumvirate of great Sauk and Fox chiefs. The first two became famous on the frontier of the 1820s and 1830s, but Powasheek, who, Colonel McKenney called "a daring warrior, and held a respectable standing in council, as a man of prudence and capacity," remained always in their shadow.

He signed his first important treaty between his nation and the United States in 1832 and his last ten years later. The chief visited Washington in 1837 as a member of the large Sauk and Fox delegation.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/powash.htm

[mdenney]

Eshtahumbah,
or Sleepy Eyes
Sioux

Sioux warrior, Sleepy Eyes came to Washington in the summer of 1824 as a member of the Sioux delegation led by the celebrated chief She-tah-wah-coe-wah-mene, or Little Crow. McKenney description of Little Crow is "cunning, artful, and treacherous; is not much distinguished as a warrior, but is very successful as a hunter, especially of beaver."

This Sioux was born on the Minnesota River near present Mankato, Brown County, Minnesota. He died in Roberts County, South Dakota, but his remains were removed to the Minnesota town that today bears his name. His Indian name is probably taken from ishta (eye) and hba (dreamy, sleepy, or drowsy).

Evidently Sleepy Eyes was a leading member of the tribe. His name can be found on the treaties of August 19, 1825, and July, 15, 1830, signed at Prairie du Chien, and St. Peters, of November 30, 1836. His name as well as his son's, also Sleepy Eyes, is found on the treaty of Traverse des Sioux, July 23, 1851. They were members of the Sisseton band of Sioux.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/eshtah.htm

[mdenney]

Wabaunsee
Potawatomi

In Greenville, Ohio, a famous council was held in July 1814, in which the "western" tribes agreed to support the United States against Great Britain. One of the signers was Wabaunsee, an influential Potawatomi war chief who lived on the Kankakee River in Illinois, now Kankakee County, Illinois, about forty miles southwest of Lake Michigan.

Wabaunsee later told Colonel McKenney that he buried the tomahawk forever, in the Indian phrase, on the day he "took the Seventeen Fires by the hand...."

In 1826, he signed the treaty of the Wabash in Indiana, in which he sold the Potawatomi lands to the United States. It was almost a fatal day for Wabaunsee. Whiskey had obviously helped the Indian commissioners persuade the chiefs to sign with the usual disastrous results; Indian turned on Indian and the chief was stabbed. Agent Thomas Tipton, who told McKenney the story, cared for Wabaunsee and he survived.

Ironically, the agent now had a serious problem; the warrior who had stabbed the chief was in hiding, but it was expected that Wabaunsee would seek him out and kill him. Interpreters had warned Tipton that the warrior was popular and his death could bring on a tribal feud.

In the spring when the chief came to the trading post to thank Tipton, the agent begged him to forgive and forget. Wabaunsee grasped Tipton's hand and told him that because he owed him his life, he could "send him [the warrior] and tell him to come back. A man that will run off like a dog with his tail down for fear of death, is not worth killing. I will not hurt him."

In 1828, Governor Lewis Cass arranged a treaty with Wabaunsee and his chiefs on the shores of Lake Michigan. A few days before the formal signing Cass heard that one of the chiefs intended to denounce the treaty unless he was given a bribe.

When Cass told Wabaunsee the chief was indignant.
"An Indian, who will lie, is not worthy to be called a brave. He is not fit to live. If he refuses to sanction what we agreed to in council, I'll cut his heart out."

As Cass later told McKenney, he and his commissioners had a great deal of difficulty in preventing the chief from "putting his threat into execution."

When Black Hawk began his frontier war, the War Department feared Wabaunsee would lead his warriors to the side of the Sauk and Fox chief; instead Wabaunsee joined the border militia. The following year he told his people that they were now surrounded on all sides by the whites and urged them to accept lands beyond the Mississippi offered to them by the United States. The council agreed, and in 1835 Wabaunsee visited Washington to take "his Great Father by hand" and sign a treaty by which his nation agreed to be removed from their ancestral lands to a new home near Council Bluffs on the Missouri.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/wabaun.htm

[mdenney]

Black Hawk

Black Hawk gave his name to a war that made a soldier out of a tall, gangling Illinois frontiersman named Abe Lincoln. He was also probably the most popular and honored prisoner of war in American history.

He doffed his hat to thousands of admiring Americans, watched a balloon ascension at New York City's Battery Park, and forced a President to cut short a popularity tour.

Black Hawk's war was born of wild frontier rumor, the unbridled imagination of a politically ambitious governor, and the rifle shots of frightened militiamen. It began in the spring of 1831 when Sauk and Fox women kicked over fences settlers had erected across Indian trails. Stories soon grew that the nation was uniting with their old allies, the Potawatomi, Winnebago, and Kickapoo, to declare war on the whites.

[...]

Black Hawk, who realized that he had reached the point of no return, now launched the war that was to bear his name. For two years he conducted a skillful frontier guerrilla campaign until the white man's army finally reduced his warriors to a pitiful handful. Dressed in white deerskin, the tribe's symbol of peace, he surrendered at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, August 27, 1832.

[...]

Curiously Colonel McKenney was not attracted by the chief's courage, integrity, or popularity, but by his attitude toward women. McKenney wrote:

"The strongest evidence of his good sense is found in an assertion contained in his autobiography that he has never had but one wife."

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/bhawk.htm

[mdenney]

Tokacou
Sioux

Tokacou, or He That Inflicts the First Wound, was a member of the team of "warriors of high repute" as McKenney described them, that were organized in every Yankton Sioux village to mantain discipline and to carry out the decrees laid down by the council.

This primitive yet effective law and order group punished habitual offenders by cutting their blankets to shreds, killing their hunting or war ponies, slashing their tepees, smashing their rifle barrels, or snapping off the blades of their invaluable hunting knives.

Summary execution was also within their power; only outstanding warriors were above the so-called "soldier-killing."

Colonel McKenney described Tokacou and his fellow soldier killers as strict disciplinarians whose "authority is greatly respected by their people. This is especially observable on the arrival of a white man, or a party of whites, at their village. If these persons take the strangers under their protection, no one presumes to moleste them: if the sword or the war-club of one of them is seen at the door of the white man's lodge, the sign is well understood, and no Indian ventures to intrude."

Tokacou signed treaties for the Yankton Sioux at Fort Lookout, June 22, 1825; Prairie du Chien, July 15, 1830; and one in Washington, October 21, 1837, when the Sioux chief was painted holding his sword of authority.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/tokacou.htm

[mdenney]

Shauhaunapotinia
Iowa

The story of this Iowa chief is the Indian Damon and Pythias tale of the frontier of the 1830s.

The friendship of two young Iowa or Sioux boys was traditional. As one early ethnologist wrote: "Scarcely a Dakota [Sioux] young man could be found who had not some special friend or koda. This was an arrangement of giving themselves to each other, of the David and Jonathan kind. They exchanged bows, or guns, or blankets... what one asked of the other he gave him; nothing could be denied."

When he was a young boy Shauhaunapotinia found his koda in his own village. They hunted together, played games together, and dreamed together of the great days to come when they would go on horse-stealing raids among the Pawnee or fight the Sioux or the savage Osage in the north.

They were in their teens when Shauhaunapotinia's friend was killed and scalped. The grief- stricken young brave blackened his face in mourning and after a long fast slipped out of the village.

He trailed the Sioux raiders for over a hundred miles before he found their village in a deep valley. Shauhaunapotinia painted himself and his pony for war, then, leaning far over the side of his horse's neck, he rode into the village at top speed. The Sioux, who probably thought it was a young boy playing war, ignored him. The Iowa brave slipped off his horse onto the back of a Sioux warrior sitting outside his lodge. Before the alarm was sounded he had taken the Sioux's scalp, and then rode to the outskirts of the village where he killed two more.

Personal bravery above everything else was the ruling passion of every Indian nation, and Shauhaunapotinia's solitary raid made him a warrior of distinction. The council of his people selected him to be a member of the Iowa delegation who visited Washington in the winter of 1836-1837.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/shauhau.htm

[mdenney]

Notchimine,
or No Heart
ca 1798 -?
Iowa

Nothing mattered to this Iowa warrior, as he told Colonel McKenney, but waging war, killing one's enemies, stealing their horses, and taking prisoners. His skill and ruthlessness in battle and the contempt with which he viewed life, his own or his enemy's, had gained him his name.

He was fifteen and a veteran of the tribal wars of the plains when he joined a large war party led by his brother White Cloud, an important war captain in the Iowa nation. Notchimine (or Nacheninga, No Heart of Fear) had no horse of his own so he rode double behind his brother.

At dawn he swept into a Sioux villagefrom all sides. When White Cloud leaped from his horse to chase some prisoners, Notchimine took command of the raiders. Before the surprised Sioux could make a stand the Iowa had killed several and driven off their herd of horses.

A later raid on the Osage was not so successful. The weary, disgruntled Iowa were returning home without scalps or prisoners to what they knew would be the taunts and jeers of the women and the elders of their villages, when they came upon the camp of a few Kansa (a Siouan tribe living northwest of the Osage on the Kansas River). White Cloud ordered an attack, and the Kansa braves and their families were killed and scalped.

Notchimine worshiped war. No raideing party was too small, he told McKenney, he joined them all. He soon became a living legend and women sang songs about his greatest raid, a solitary strike at an Osage village. He returned with three scalps and fifty-six ponies.

In his oral autobiography that he gave Colonel McKenney through an interpreter, the Iowa warrior emphasized the importance of dreams in waging war.

"Previous to going out as a leader of a [war] party," McKenney wrote,"he dreamed of taking two prisoners; in the event, one of the enemy was taken, and one killed, which he deeemed a sufficient fulfilment." Dreams were so important, Notchimine told McKenney, that war chief frequently tried to mold events within the structure of their dreams.

In 1836, when he was thirty-eight, Notchimine grew weary of war and bloodletting and visited the Osage with a peace proposal. He was a hated but respected enemy so the Osage called a council and listened to his proposals. His offer was refused. It was now either a choice of continuing to fight or seeking new ways to promote peace. The Iowa chose the latter.

The following spring with the approval of his people he journeyed to St. Louis to ask General William Clark to arrange a peace betweeen the two tribes. Clark failed but agreed that Notchimine should go to Washington to seek the aid and advice of the Great Father. In 1837, a treaty was finally hammered out between representatives of the Osage and Iowa and signed in the War Department.

As the Iowa calmly smoked his pipe and the interpreter translated, McKenney took notes of the endless recital of bloody raids, scalping, killing of helpless prisoners, and stealing horses. By now, after all his years of close association with the tribes, the deadly ritual of primitive survival on the plains was all too familiar to McKenney. He wrote:
"His brief history ... add another ... of the sameness of the tenor of an Indian's warrior life. Whatever may have been his vicissitudes, hiss joys or his sorrows, he tells only of his warlike exploits."

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/notchi.htm

[mdenney]

Metea
?-1827
Potawatomi

On the morning of August 15, 1812, the garrison at Forth Dearborn, the site of Chicago, was ready to leave. Orders had been received from General William Hull to make a forced march to Detroit. Scouts had reported drums thumping in the villages and some tribes were painted for war.

Shortly after sunup, Captain Nathan Heald, the post commander, led his men out of the tiny stockade. The ragged column of fifty regulars, flanking the women and children of the few families who had settled near the stockade, started out across the prairie.

From his hiding place, Metea gave the signal. His painted, howling warriors, outnumbering the troops, fell on the train and butchered most of the regulars and settlers. A few months later Metea attempted to stop the advance of General William Henry Harrison's troops marching to lift the siege of Fort Wayne, but he was wounded and forced to flee. When a friend of Colonel McKenney asked Metea why he hadn't thrown away hus rifle during the Indian retreat, Metea replied:
"I would rather have lost my life...."

Metea was one of the principal chiefs and orators at the treaty council held in Washington in the summer of 1821, between the United States commissioners and the Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi nations. His importance as a chief is underscored by the position of his signature; among his nations fifty-five chiefs signing the trearty, he was second.

Major Stephen H. Long in his journals described Metea: "His stature is about six feet; he has a forbidding aspect, by no means deficient in dignity. His features are strongly marked, and expressive of a haughty and tyrannical disposition; his complexion is dark.... His hair is black, and indicates a slight tendency to curl.... There is something unpleasant in his looks, owing... to a scar which he has upon the wing of his nostril.... We behold in him all the characteristics of the Indian warrior to perfection." The chief's dress, Long observed, while old has "been arranged upon his person with no small degree of care."

It consisted of leather leggings buttoned on the outside, a breechcloth of blue breadcloth, and a short checkered shirt over it. "The whole was covered with a blanket, which was secured... by a belt, and hung not ungracefully from his shoulders, generally concealing his right arm which is... withered from a wound received during the late war.... His face was carefully painted with vermilion round his left eye. Four feathers, coloured without taste, hung behind, secured to a string which was tied to a lock of his hair."

Metea, as he grew older, became a strong believer of education for his people. In 1827, he delivered a number of Potawatomi boys to the Indian agent at Fort Wayne with instructions that they be sent to the white man's school. The boys were placed in the two-year-old Choctaw Academy, then located near Georgetown, Kentucky.

Metea was painted by Samuel Seymour who accompanied the Long expedition as "landscape painter and designer."

During the big Indian council held in the fall of 1827 at St. Joseph, Michigan, Metea drank a bottle of poison, believing it was whiskey, and died.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/metea.htm

[mdenney]

Black Hawk, or Makataimeshekiakiah
Sauk and Fox

Black Hawk gave his name to a war that made a soldier out of a tall, gangling Illinois frontiersman named Abe Lincoln. He was also probably the most popular and honored prisoner of war in American history.

He doffed his hat to thousands of admiring Americans, watched a balloon ascension at New York City's Battery Park, and forced a President to cut short a popularity tour.

Black Hawk's war was born of wild frontier rumor, the unbridled imagination of a politically ambitious governor, and the rifle shots of frightened militiamen. It began in the spring of 1831 when Sauk and Fox women kicked over fences settlers had erected across Indian trails. Stories soon grew that the nation was uniting with their old allies, the Potawatomi, Winnebago, and Kickapoo, to declare war on the whites.

[...]

Black Hawk, who realized that he had reached the point of no return, now launched the war that was to bear his name. For two years he conducted a skillful frontier guerrilla campaign until the white man's army finally reduced his warriors to a pitiful handful. Dressed in white deerskin, the tribe's symbol of peace, he surrendered at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, August 27, 1832.

[...]

Curiously Colonel McKenney was not attracted by the chief's courage, integrity, or popularity, but by his attitude toward women. McKenney wrote:

"The strongest evidence of his good sense is found in an assertion contained in his autobiography that he has never had but one wife."

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/bhawk.htm

[mdenney]

Kishkekosh
Sauk and Fox

Sauk and Fox delegations of chiefs and braves entered the room in the War Department that warm October day in 1837. They were followed by several Sioux chiefs and orators. The Fox went to the left, the Sioux to the right. They sat on the floor and glared across the room at each other as the nervous secretary of war, Indian commissioners, and interpreters quickly prepared for a peace pipe.

One Fox warrior stood out among all the others. He was tall and husky with streaks of paint like black fingers stretching upward from below his mouth to his cheeks. But what made him taller and more terrifying was his crown of a buffalo skull and horns.

The Sioux seemed hypnotized by it. They muttered among themselves as the Fox brave, arms folded, sat on a high bench staring down at the angry dark faces of his people's ancient enemies.

The Indian agents, sensitive to the undercurrents always present at any Indian council, finally discovered why the conference had reached an impasse. The Fox brave, named Kishkekosh, had single-handedly invaded a large Sioux village, scalped several braves, then tore the buffalo crown from the head of a popular chief. The Indian commissioners and agents knew Kishkekosh's arrogant display of contempt could result in a confrontation between the two nations at any moment. Gifts, promises and threats persuaded Kishkekosh to leave behind his trophy, and both tribes finally signed un uneasy peace treaty.

The portrait of Kishkekosh has been variously labeled as "Kee-o-kuck,The Watchful Fox, principal chief of the confederate tribes" or "Kis-te-kosh".

Colonel McKenney translated his name as The Man with One Leg, but ethnologists say He with a Cut Hoof would be more correct.Curiously, the Fox chief had no deformity.

link below-

xoomer.alice.it/vminerva/kishke.htm